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The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) ((アルメニア語:Հայաստանի Ազատագրութեան Հայ Գաղտնի Բանակ, ՀԱՀԳԲ), ''Hayasdani Azadakrut'ean Hay Kaghtni Panag, HAHKP'') was an Armenian militant organization, that operated from 1975 to the early 1990s.〔Roy, Olivier. ''Turkey Today: A European Nation?'' p. 170. Roy suggests that the Orly incident led to "dissension end() in the settling of scores in which ASALA militants killed each other in their camp at Bekaa (Al-Biqa, Lebanon)... (It) practically disappeared. It resurfaced once again, however, to assassinate important members of the Lebanese section of the Dashnak Party (March 1985 - May 1986)."〕 It was considered a terrorist organization by some sources,〔John E. Jessup. An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution, 1945—1996. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. ISBN 0-313-28112-2, ISBN 978-0-313-28112-9, p. 39〕〔Michel Wieviorka, David Gordon White. The making of terrorism. University of Chicago Press, 1993. ISBN 0-226-89650-1, ISBN 978-0-226-89650-2, p. 256〕〔Bruce Hoffman. Inside terrorism. Columbia University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-231-12699-9, ISBN 978-0-231-12699-1, p. 71〕〔Global Terrorist Organizations http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Terrorist.html#Armenian〕 other sources describe it as guerrilla〔Political dissent: an international guide to dissident, extra-parliamentary, guerrilla, and illegal political movements, by Henry W. Degenhardt, Alan John Day, Gale Research Company, 1983, p. 489〕〔Remembring with Vengeance, by Pico Iyer // Time magazine, № 32, 8 Aug, 1983〕〔The Caucasus: an introduction, by Frederik Coene, 2009 - 238 pages, p. 221〕〔The history of Turkey, by Douglas Arthur Howard - 2001 - 241 pages, p. 161〕 and armed〔Untold Histories of the Middle East, by Amy Singer, Christoph Neumann, Selcuk Somel - 2010 - 240 pages, p. 27〕 organization. ASALA was listed as a terrorist organization by the United States in the 1980s.〔United States Department of State. (Patterns of Global Terrorism Report: 1989 ), p 57〕 46 people were killed and 299 injured as a result of ASALA attacks and assassinations. The stated intention of ASALA was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the Armenian Genocide in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland". The principal goal of ASALA was to reestablish historical Armenia that would include eastern Turkey and the Soviet Armenia.〔Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing, 1989. p. 32〕 The territory to be ceded would be the area promised to the Armenians at the never-ratified Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 by US President Woodrow Wilson, "Wilsonian Armenia".〔Pitman, Paul M. ''Turkey: A Country Study''. Washington, D.C.: The Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 283, 354-355 〕 The group received considerable clandestine support from Armenian diaspora in Europe and in the United States.〔Encyclopedia of terrorism. Harvey W. Kushner. SAGE, 2003. p. 47〕 Suffering from internal schisms, the group was relatively inactive in the 1990s, although in 1991 it claimed an unsuccessful attack on the Turkish ambassador to Hungary. The organization has not engaged in militant activity since then.〔(Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) ). GlobalSecurity.org〕 The group's mottos were "The armed struggle and right political line are the way to Armenia" and "Viva the revolutionary solidarity of oppressed people!".〔 G. Yazchian, ''Thirty years ago this day was born ASALA'', Azg daily, Yerevan, January 20, 2005〕 ==Origins== 100 years had passed since the Ottoman Empire had embarked on the campaign to exterminate its Armenian population, which was largely concentrated in its eastern provinces and referred to at the time as Western Armenia. The survivors of the massacres and deprivations commonly seen in the death marches found refuge in countries in the Middle East and in Western Europe and the USA. While the key ringleaders of the genocide were assassinated in the 1920s by Armenians (''see Operation Nemesis''), the Ottoman Empire's successor, the Republic of Turkey, stated that a genocide had not taken place. It actively campaigned against any and all attempts to publicise the events and bring forward recognition in the West. It, in fact, blamed Armenians for instigating the violence and alleged that Armenians had massacred thousands of Turks, prompting the commencement of their deportations. In 1965, Armenians around the world publicly marked the 50th anniversary and began to campaign for world recognition. As peaceful marches and demonstrations failed to move an intransigent Turkey, the younger generation of Armenians, resentful at the denial by Turkey and the failure by their parents' generation to effect change, sought new approaches to bringing about recognition and reparations. In 1973 two Turkish diplomats were assassinated in Los Angeles by Kourken Yanigian, an elderly man who survived the Armenian Genocide. This event might have been progressively forgotten, had it not initiated a chain of events which turned it, and its perpetrator, into a symbol representing the end of the conspiracy of silence which since 1915 had surrounded the Armenian Genocide. ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian), pastor Rev. James Karnusian〔Rev. James Karnusian, retired pastor and one of three persons to establish ASALA, dies in Switzerland // The Armenian Reporter International, 18 April 1998.〕 and Kevork Ajemian,〔"(Kevork Ajemian, Prominent Contemporary Writer and Surviving Member of Triumvirate Which Founded ASALA, Dies in Beirut, Lebanon )", ''Armenian Reporter'', 1999-02-01〕 a prominent contemporary writer, with the help of sympathetic Palestinians.〔"(Political Interest Groups )", ''(Turkey: A Country Study )'' ed. Helen Chapin Metz. Washington, D.C.: The Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 283, 354-355 〕 At the beginning, ASALA bore the name of "The Prisoner Kurken Yanikian Group".〔Near East/South Asia Report, by United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service, United States Joint Publications Research Service, 1987, p. 3〕 Consisting primarily of Lebanese-born Armenians of the Diaspora (whose parents and/or grandparents were survivors of the Armenian Genocide), the organization followed a theoretical model based on leftist ideology.〔Roy, Olivier. ''Turkey Today: A European Nation?'' p. 169.〕 ASALA was critical of its political predecessors and Diasporan parties, accusing them of failing to deal with the problems of the Armenian people.〔Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries, by Vered Amit Talai, Vered Amit, Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 27〕 The apex of group's structure was the General Command of the People of Armenia (''VAN'').〔The Middle East Annual: Issues & Events, 1984, edited by David H. Partington, p. 155〕 The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, in the United States and the Middle East.〔 Their first acknowledged killing was the assassination of the Turkish diplomat, Daniş Tunalıgil, in Vienna on October 22, 1975. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981. ASALA, trained in the Beirut camps of Palestine Liberation Organization, is the best known of the guerrilla groups responsible for assassinations of at least 36 Turkish diplomats. Since 1975, a couple of dozen Turkish diplomats or members of their families had been targeted in a couple of dozens of attacks, with the outcome that the Armenian revenge, as well as the background to the Armenian struggle, have made it through the world press. These notable acts, while practically carried out by a small group, were successful in conveying the Armenian Genocide and its silence to the forefront of international awareness.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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